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New Hampshire Scorecard

Grading Scale:
A – 85-100%, B – 70-84.9%, C – 55-69.9%, D – 40-54.9%, F – 0-39.9%

Grading Categories & Criteria


New Hampshire Law

I. Laws
New Hampshire Statutes

https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/XXX/318/318-mrg.htm

318:1 Definitions. –

XI-b. Pharmacy technician”” means a person, other than a pharmacist or a pharmacy intern, either registered or certified by the office of professional licensure and certification for the purpose of assisting a pharmacist in the practice of pharmacy.” “318:5-a Rulemaking Authority. –

X. Registration or certification of pharmacy technicians, including:
(a) Requirements for registration or certification;
(b) The duties, functions, and standards of conduct of pharmacy technicians;
(c) Requirements for the supervision of pharmacy technicians by licensed pharmacists;
(d) Standards for denial and revocation of registration and certification;
(e) [Repealed.]
(f) Requirements for renewal of registration or certification; and
(g) Requirements for reinstatement of registration or certification.

XI-c. Licensure of advanced pharmacy technicians, including:
(a) Requirements for licensure, including experience and education requirements.
(b) The duties, functions, and standards of conduct of licensed advanced pharmacy technicians.
(c) Standards for the supervision of licensed advanced pharmacy technicians by licensed pharmacists.
(d) Standards for denial and revocation of licensure.
(e) [Repealed.]
(f) Requirements for renewal of a license.
(g) Requirements for reinstatement of a license.” 318:6 Repealed by 2021, 197:105, III, eff. July 1, 2021. –

318:15-a Pharmacy Technician. –

No person shall perform the functions or duties of a pharmacy technician unless such person is either registered by the office of professional licensure and certification to perform certain functions or, upon completion of training, certified to perform certain functions, and does so under standards of supervision established by rules of the board adopted pursuant to RSA 541-A.
Source. 2000, 188:4. 2007, 202:8, eff. Jan. 1, 2008. 2024, 327:131, eff. July 1, 2024.” “Consider adding:

318:15-c Licensed Advanced Pharmacy Technician. –
I. No person employed as a licensed advanced pharmacy technician shall perform the functions or duties of a licensed advanced pharmacy technician as defined in RSA 318:1, XXXIII unless such person is issued a license by the office of professional licensure and certification and does so under standards of supervision established by rules of the board adopted pursuant to RSA 318:5-a, XI-c.
II. When a pharmacy employs a licensed advanced pharmacy technician, in addition to dispensing prescriptions the pharmacist shall provide clinical services and the pharmacy owner shall provide the resources necessary for the pharmacist to safely provide the clinical services as determined in rules adopted by the board.
III. Nothing in this section shall require a pharmacy to employ a licensed advanced pharmacy technician.
Source. 2019, 58:3, eff. July 1, 2019. 2024, 327:132, eff. July 1, 2024.

New Hampshire State Pharmacy Administrative Rules

https://gc.nh.gov/rules/State_Agencies/ph100-2600.html

 

Ph 801.01 Purpose and Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall apply to, and impose duties upon, all pharmacy technicians holding registrations or certifications issued by the board.

Source. #7535, eff 7-25-01, EXPIRED: 7-25-09

New. #10720, eff 11-22-14; ss by #12671, eff 11-7-18″ “Ph 802.01 Definitions. Except where the context makes another meaning manifest, the following definitions shall apply:

(a) “Registered pharmacy technician” means a person who is registered with the board, employed by a pharmacy, and who can assist in performing, under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist, manipulative, nondiscretionary functions associated with the practice of pharmacy and other such duties, subject to such restrictions as the board has specified; and

(b) “Certified pharmacy technician” means a pharmacy technician who has become and who maintains national certification by taking and passing an exam recognized by the board for the purpose of certifying technicians and who has been certified by the board.

Source. #7535, eff 7-25-01, EXPIRED: 7-25-09

New. #10720, eff 11-22-14; ss by #12671, eff 11-17-18” “Ph 803.01 Registered Pharmacy Technician Qualifications.

(a) An applicant for a registered pharmacy technician shall:

(1) Be at least 16 years of age;

(2) Have a high school or equivalent diploma, or be working to achieve a high school or equivalent diploma;

(3) Not have been convicted of a drug or pharmacy-related felony or misdemeanor or admitted to sufficient facts to warrant such a finding; and

(4) Register with the board within 15 days of start date of employment as a pharmacy technician, and post such registration in the pharmacy within 30 days.

(b) No person shall perform the functions or duties of a pharmacy technician unless such person is registered by the board.

Source. #7535, eff 7-25-01; amd by #8572, eff 2-23-06; paras (a) & (b) EXPIRED: 7-25-09; paras. (c) and (d) EXPIRED: 2-23-14

New. #10720, eff 11-22-14; ss by #12671, eff 11-17-18 (formerly Ph 807.02)

Ph 803.02 Application Procedures for Registered Pharmacy Technicians.

(a) Registered pharmacy technician applicants shall complete and submit an “Initial Application for Pharmacy Technician Registration” form (PT-1), or electronic equivalent, for registration to the board that contains the following:

(1) Legal name, residence address, mailing address, home or cell phone number, personal e-mail address, and social security number of the applicant;

(2) Date and place of birth and gender of the applicant;

(3) Name of current employer and the mailing address, phone number, and e-mail address of employment site;

(4) Name of supervisor and pharmacy phone number;

(5) An indication as to whether or not the applicant has been convicted of a drug or pharmacy-related felony or misdemeanor or admitted to sufficient facts to warrant such a finding, and if yes, an explanation, an explanation of the circumstances surrounding such a finding or conviction;

(6) An indication as to whether the applicant has ever voluntarily surrendered for disciplinary reasons a license, registration, or certification to practice as a pharmacy technician in any jurisdiction and, if so, an explanation of such surrender;

(7) An indication as to whether the applicant has any felony convictions and, if so, an explanation of such convictions; and

(8) Applicant’s signature and date.

(b) The prescribed fee shall be $100, and shall be submitted with the completed application form.

(c) The “Initial Application for Pharmacy Technician Registration” form PT-1 for registration of pharmacy technicians in New Hampshire may be obtained from and shall be filed at the office of the board, identified in Ph 103.03.

Source. #12671, eff 11-17-18

Ph 804.01 Renewal Requirements for Registered Pharmacy Technicians.

(a) All pharmacy technician registrations shall expire biennially on March 31.

(b) Applications for the renewal of a registration for a pharmacy technician may be obtained from, and shall be filed at the office of the board, identified in Ph 103.03.

(c) A pharmacy technician applying for renewal shall do so online at https://nhlicenses.nh.gov/eGov/Login.aspx by providing the following information:

(1) Legal name, residence address, mailing address, personal e-mail address, and a mobile or home telephone number;

(2) License number and work email address of the pharmacist-in-charge;

(3) Name and phone number of current employer and address of employment site;

(4) Record of convictions of violations of federal, state or local drug or pharmacy related laws or regulations; and

(5) Applicant’s signature and date.

(d) The application and the prescribed fee of $100 shall be filed with the board no later than March 15.

Source. #7535, eff 7-25-01, EXPIRED: 7-25-09

New. #10720, eff 11-22-14; ss by #12671, eff 11-17-18 (formerly Ph 806.01)” “Recommend adding:

Ph 805.01 Change in Registration Information for Registered Pharmacy Technicians.

(a) The person to whom a pharmacy technician registration has been issued shall, within 15 days of a change of address or location of employment, notify the board of such changes.

(b) The notice shall contain:

(1) Legal name of registrant;

(2) Address, phone number, and personal email address of the registrant, including old and new, if applicable;

(3) Registrant’s registration number;

(4) Name of the pharmacy where employed including former and current, if applicable; and

(6) All new violations of law, convictions, fines, disciplines or any registration, certification, or license revocations for violation of pharmacy-related drug laws or regulations in this or any other state.

(c) Failure to comply with Ph 805.01 shall constitute misconduct under RSA 318.

Source. #7535, eff 7-25-01, EXPIRED: 7-25-09

New. #10720, eff 11-22-14; ss by #12671, eff 11-17-18

Ph 805.02 Penalty. Any registered pharmacy technician who alters, forges, or intentionally falsifies, or causes to be altered, forged or falsified, any information, documents, or records required to be kept or submitted by this rule shall be subject to disciplinary action under RSA 318:29, II.

Source. #12671, eff 11-17-18 (formerly Ph 806.05)

PART Ph 806 REVOCATION, DENIAL, AND REINSTATEMENT OF REGISTERED PHARMACY TECHNICIANS

Ph 806.01 Effect of Revocation and Denial for Registered Pharmacy Technicians.

(a) The board shall refuse to issue a registration or, after notice and hearing, shall revoke a registration whenever the board finds by the preponderance of the evidence any of the following:

(1) That the applicant, or registrant, has violated any of the provisions of RSA 318, RSA 318-B, or the board’s administrative rules;

(2) That the applicant has been convicted of a felony or a misdemeanor resulting from a violation of any federal, state, or local drug or pharmacy-related law, rule or regulation;

(3) That the applicant has attempted to obtain a pharmacy technician registration by fraudulent means;

(4) That the applicant is unable to engage in the performance of pharmacy technician functions with reasonable skill and safety by reason of illness, inebriation, misuse of drugs, narcotics, alcohol, chemicals or any other substance, or as a result of any mental or physical condition;

(5) That another state has suspended, revoked, or placed on probation the applicant’s license, permit, or registration to practice as a pharmacy technician;

(6) That the applicant refused to appear before the board after having been ordered to do so in writing; or

(7) That the applicant made any fraudulent or untrue statement to the board.

(b) The pharmacist on duty shall notify the board, in writing, within one calendar day after becoming aware that a pharmacy technician has adulterated, abused, stolen or diverted drugs.

(c) The board shall reinstate a revoked technician’s previous permit after review, provided that the reason for revocation no longer exists or it is determined that there is no longer a threat to public safety.

Source. #7535, eff 7-25-01, EXPIRED: 7-25-09

New. #10720, eff 11-22-14; ss by #12671, eff 11-17-18” “Recommend adding:

Ph 806.02 Reinstatement of a Registered Pharmacy Technician. Registered pharmacy technicians who either voluntarily or accidentally allow their registration to lapse as of March 31 of the renewal year shall complete the following procedures to reinstate their registration:

(a) Complete a reinstatement application found on the board’s website at https://www.oplc.nh.gov/pharmacy/documents/technician-reinstatement.pdf (revised April 2018);

(b) Submit the completed application and the prescribed fee to the board’s office;

(c) Submit any required documentation, as indicated on the form; and

(d) Submit a signed and dated statement as to why the applicant did not renew his or her pharmacy technician registration prior to expiration and whether or not the applicant has practiced as a pharmacy technician since his or her registration has lapsed.

Source. #7535, eff 7-25-01, EXPIRED: 7-25-09

New. #10720, eff 11-22-14; ss by #12671, eff 11-17-18” “Ph 807.01 Determination of a Registered Pharmacy Technician’s Duties.

(a) A pharmacy technician shall only perform such tasks and duties which are prescribed by the permit holder or pharmacist-in-charge based upon the needs of the pharmacy.

(b) A pharmacy technician’s duties may be further limited by the pharmacist on duty or the supervising pharmacist.

(c) Any training given under the direction of a pharmacist shall be documented by the pharmacist-in-charge and be retrievable upon inspection.

Source. #7535, eff 7-25-01; amd by #8572, eff 2-23-06; para (d) EXPIRED: 7-25-09; paras. (a)-(c) and (e) EXPIRED: 2-23-14

New. #10720, eff 11-22-14; ss by #12671, eff 11-7-18

Ph 807.02 Registered Pharmacy Technician Duties. A registered pharmacy technician’s duties, upon showing the requisite skill and receiving the appropriate training, shall be:

(a) Non-discretionary functions within the pharmacy concerning cashier, stocking, delivery, and other non-clinical functions necessary for pharmacy operation under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist or certified pharmacy technician;

(b) Performing the data entry of a prescription or medication order into the computer;

(c) The counting, weighing, measuring, pouring, and reconstitution of non-parenteral prescription medication or stock legend drugs and controlled substances;

(d) Performing stocking or replenishment of automated dispensing machine, other automated dispensing equipment, or other stock locations. Products shall be verified by a pharmacist or certified pharmacy technician. Bar-coding, radio frequency identification, or another form of electronic verification shall be used at the time of stocking or replenishment, or a licensed health professional shall check the medication before administration; and

(e) If in training to become a certified technician, the duties of a certified pharmacy technician under the direct supervision of a pharmacist or certified pharmacy technician.

Source. #10720, eff 11-22-14; ss by #12671, eff 11-17-18; ss by #12951, eff 12-21-19; ss by #13385, eff 5-26-22” “Recommend adding:

Ph 808.01 Certified Pharmacy Technician Qualifications.

(a) An applicant for a certified pharmacy technician shall:

(1) Be at least 18 years of age;

(2) Have a high school or equivalent diploma;

(3) Obtain and maintain national certification from a nationally recognized certifying organization, such as the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) or the National Healthcare Association (NHA);

(4) Not have been convicted of a drug or pharmacy-related felony or misdemeanor or admitted to sufficient facts to warrant such a finding; and

(5) Seek certification from the board within 15 days of the start date of employment as a certified pharmacy technician, and post such certification in the pharmacy within 30 days.

(b) A certified pharmacy technician with duties involving sterile and non-sterile compounding, shall complete an American Society of Hospital Pharmacies (ASHP), PTCB, or other nationally recognized training program before participating in those duties.

(c) Pharmacy technician applicants with previous out of state experience shall meet the requirements set by the board in this section before obtaining certification status.

(d) No person shall perform the functions or duties of a certified pharmacy technician unless such person is certified by the board.

Source. #12671, eff 11-17-18; ss by #13385, eff 5-26-22

Ph 808.02 Application Procedures for Certified Pharmacy Technicians.

(a) Pharmacy technician applicants shall complete and submit an application form “Initial Application for Pharmacy Technician Registration” form PT-1, or electronic equivalent, for certification by the board that contains the following:

(1) Legal name, residence address, mailing address, home telephone number, personal e-mail address, and social security number of the applicant;

(2) Date and place of birth, and gender of the applicant;

(3) Name of current employer and the mailing address, and phone number of employment site;

(4) Name of supervisor and pharmacy phone number;

(5) An indication as to whether or not the applicant has been convicted of a drug or pharmacy-related felony or admitted to sufficient facts to warrant such a finding, and if yes, an explanation of the circumstances surrounding such a finding or conviction;

(6) An indication as to whether the application has any other felony convictions and, if so, an explanation of such convictions; and

(7) Applicant’s signature and date.

(b) The prescribed fee shall be $100, and shall be submitted with the completed application form.

(c) “The Initial Application for Pharmacy Technician Registration” form for pharmacy technicians in New Hampshire may be obtained from and shall be filed at the office of the board, identified in Ph 103.03.

Source. #12671, eff 11-17-18

Ph 809.01 Renewal Requirements for Certified Pharmacy Technicians.

(a) All certified pharmacy technician certifications shall expire biennially on March 31.

(b) Applications for the renewal of a certification for a pharmacy technician may be obtained from, and shall be filed at the office of the board, identified in Ph 103.03.

(c) A pharmacy technician applying for renewal shall do so online at https://nhlicenses.nh.gov/eGov/Login.aspx by providing the following information about him or herself:

(1) Legal name, residence address, mailing address, personal e-mail address, and a mobile or home telephone number;

(2) License number and work email address of the pharmacist-in-charge;

(3) Name and phone number of current employer and address of employment site;

(4) Record of convictions of violations of federal, state or local drug or pharmacy related laws or regulations;

(5) Report or copies of continuing education;

(6) Certification status; and

(7) Applicant’s signature and date.

(d) The application and the prescribed fee of $100 shall be filed with the board no later than March 15.

Source. #12671, eff 11-17-18

Ph 810.01 Changes in Certification Information for Certified Pharmacy Technicians.

(a) The person to whom a pharmacy technician certification has been issued shall, within 15 days of a change of address or location of employment, notify the board of such changes.

(b) The notice shall contain:

(1) Legal name of certified pharmacy technician;

(2) Address, phone number, and personal email address of the certified pharmacy technician, including old and new, if applicable;

(3) Certified pharmacy technician’s New Hampshire permit number;

(4) Name of the pharmacy where employed including former and current, if applicable;

(5) Certification status; and

(6) All new violations of law, convictions, fines, disciplines or any registration, certification, or license revocations for violation of pharmacy-related drug laws or regulations in this or any other state.

(c) Failure to comply with Ph 810.01 shall constitute misconduct under RSA 318.

Source. #12671, eff 11-17-18

Ph 810.02 Continuing Education Requirements for Certified Pharmacy Technicians.

(a) Certified pharmacy technicians shall maintain their nationally certified status and stay up to date with all continuing education requirements such certification demands.

(b) A certified pharmacy technician shall retain all certificates and/or other documented evidence of participation in an approved/accredited continuing education program/course for a period of 3 years. Such documentation shall be made available to the board for random audit or verification.

(c) Certified pharmacy technicians with duties involving sterile and non-sterile compounding shall complete a minimum of 0.4 CEU’s in the area of compounding.

(d) Not less than 10% of certified pharmacy technicians shall be randomly selected each year by the board for determinations of compliance.

Source. #12671, eff 11-17-18 (formerly Ph 806.04)

Ph 810.03 Excess Continuing Education Requirements for Certified Pharmacy Technicians. Excess continuing education units earned in one licensure period shall not be carried forward into the new licensure period for the purpose of fulfilling that year’s continuing education prerequisite for licensure renewal.

Source. #12671, eff 11-17-18

Ph 810.04 Penalty. Any certified pharmacy technician who alters, forges, or intentionally falsifies, or causes to be altered, forged or falsified, any information, documents, or records required to be kept or submitted by this rule shall be subject to disciplinary action under RSA 318:29, II.

Source. #12671, eff 11-17-18 (formerly Ph 806.05)

Ph 811.01 Effect of Revocation and Denial for a Certified Pharmacy Technician.

(a) The board shall refuse to issue a certification or, after notice and hearing, shall revoke a certification whenever the board finds, by the preponderance of the evidence, any of the following:

(1) That the applicant, or certified pharmacy technician, has violated any of the provisions of RSA 318, RSA 318-B, or the board’s administrative rules;

(2) That the applicant has been convicted of a felony or a misdemeanor resulting from a violation of any federal, state, or local drug or pharmacy-related law, rule or regulation;

(3) That the applicant has attempted to obtain certified pharmacy technician status by fraudulent means;

(4) That the applicant is unable to engage in the performance of certified pharmacy technician functions with reasonable skill and safety by reason of illness, inebriation, misuse of drugs, narcotics, alcohol, chemicals or any other substance, or as a result of any mental or physical condition;

(5) That another state has suspended, revoked, or placed on probation the applicant’s license, permit, certification, or registration to practice as a pharmacy technician;

(6) That the applicant refused to appear before the board after having been ordered to do so in writing; or

(7) That the applicant made any fraudulent or untrue statement to the board.

(b) The pharmacist-in-charge shall notify the board, in writing, within one calendar day after becoming aware that a pharmacy technician has adulterated, abused, stolen or diverted drugs.

(c) The board shall issue a new certification after review, provided that the reason for revocation no longer exists or it is determined that there is no longer a threat to public safety.

Source. #12671, eff 11-17-18

Ph 811.02 Reinstatement of a Pharmacy Technician Certification. Certified pharmacy technicians who either voluntarily or accidentally allow their certification to lapse as of March 31 of the renewal year shall complete the following procedures to reinstate their certification:

(a) Complete a reinstatement application found on the board’s website at https://www.oplc.nh.gov/pharmacy/documents/technician-reinstatement.pdf (revised April 2018);

(b) Submit the completed application and the prescribed fee to the board’s office;

(c) Submit any required documentation as outlined on the form;

(d) Submit a signed and dated statement as to why the applicant did not renew his or her pharmacy technician certification prior to expiration and whether or not the applicant has practiced as a pharmacy technician since his or her certification has lapsed.

(e) Submit a current national certification certificate; and

(f) Submit proof of continuing education as defined in Ph 805.02 completed within the immediately preceding 24 months.

Source. #12671, eff 11-17-18

Ph 812.01 Determination of a Certified Pharmacy Technician’s Duties.

(a) Any certified pharmacy technician who does not maintain national certification shall notify the board and the pharmacist–in-charge immediately of the lapse of certification. Those whose certification has lapsed shall be permitted to perform the duties of a registered pharmacy technician, but shall no longer perform the additional duties of a certified pharmacy technician.

(b) A certified pharmacy technician shall only perform such tasks and duties which are prescribed by the permit holder or pharmacist-in-charge based upon the needs of the pharmacy.

(c) A certified pharmacy technician’s duties may be further limited by the pharmacist on duty or the supervising pharmacist.

(d) Any training given under the direction of a pharmacist shall be documented by the pharmacist-in-charge and be retrievable upon inspection.

Source. #12671, eff 11-17-18

Ph 812.02 Certified Pharmacy Technicians Duties.

(a) A certified pharmacy technician’s duties shall include:

(1) Any duties performed by registered pharmacy technicians under Ph 807.02;

(2) Accepting a new oral telephone order;

(3) Accepting an oral refill authorization;

(4) Communicating a prescription transfer for a non-control medication to or from another pharmacy that does not maintain a common database;

(5) Communicating orally or in writing, any medical, therapeutic, clinical, or drug information, or any information recorded on a patient profile that does not require professional judgment;

(6) Performing the data entry of a prescription or medication order into the computer;

(7) The task of reducing to writing a prescription left on a recording or message line;

(8) Preparing or compounding sterile and non-sterile compounds;

(9) Verifying stock replenishment medications against the stocking/replenishment system, report or label prior to the stocking/replenishment of the automated dispensing machine, other automated dispensing equipment, or other stock location provided that bar-coding, radio frequency identification or another form of electronic verification is used at the time of stocking/replenishment, or a licensed health professional checks the medication before administration to the patient;

(10) Clarification of an original prescription or drug order with a practitioner or authorized agent of the practitioner; and

(11) Preparation, verification, and sealing of an emergency kit.

Source. #12671, eff 11-17-18 (formerly Ph 807.03); ss by #12951, eff 12-21-19

The data contained in this 2012 Annual Scorecard are accurate as of December 2012 .  Because statutes and regulations are continually revised, the data are subject to change.  These data have been verified with the state board of pharmacy.  This scorecard is updated on an annual basis in order to incorporate statutory and regulatory changes.  A new scorecard will be issued in July 2013.

Scoring rationale for Education and Training:
In order to protect the public and help ensure patient safety, it is important that pharmacy technicians are properly educated and trained.  The most rigorous training is accredited training.  The sole entity empowered to accredit pharmacy-technician training programs is the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP).  Please note that this is “programmatic accreditation” – not “institutional accreditation.”  It is the content of the training program – as measured against established standards – that is being evaluated and accredited.  Accredited training is vital to protecting patient safety because it means that a pharmacy-technician training program has met established quality standards to provide assurance and confidence to the public.  For more information, please see http://www.ashp.org/menu/Accreditation/TechnicianAccreditation.aspx.

Scoring rationale for Certification:
Certification is the process by which a nongovernmental agency or association grants recognition to an individual who has met certain predetermined qualifications specified by that agency or association.  This is often determined by an examination process.  Numerous organizations have recommended that the certification exam conducted by the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) should be recognized as the sole, nationally-accredited certification exam for pharmacy technician certification – including the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP), the Texas State Board of Pharmacy (TSBP), and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). In a recent report, NABP recommended that states be encouraged to “recognize certification by the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB).” Moreover, NABP performed a psychometric audit of the PTCB’s pharmacy technician certification examination (PTCE) in 2001 and determined that the PTCE is psychometrically sound, defensible, and valid. In May 2010, the TSBP awarded the PTCB with the Pharmacy Technician Certification Provider contract in Texas. PTCB was selected for the contract after a rigorous bidding and evaluation process that included formal reviews and evaluations from three independent psychometricians. TSBP confidently recognizes PTCB as the single provider of certification examinations for pharmacy technicians. In addition, in June 2010, the VA began requiring PTCB certification for VA pharmacy technicians employed at grade GS-6 and above.

Scoring rationale for Registration/Licensure:
Registration/licensure is the process by which the state maintains a list of all pharmacy technicians in the state and grants permission for an individual to work as a pharmacy technician in the state based on the applicant’s completion of all pre-requisites to registration/licensure – such as required training and certification.

Scoring rationale for Continuing Education:
Continuing education enables pharmacy technicians to fulfill their professional responsibility to maintain competence and up-to-date knowledge and skills in an environment of technological advances and increasingly complex, new medications and therapies.