by Christopher Jerry and Michael Wong
In his recent article, “A SEC for Health Care?”, Dr. Peter Pronovost, PhD, FCCM (Professor, Departments of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Medical Director, Johns Hopkins Medicine Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality) discusses the tremendous variability in the quality and measures of healthcare provided across this country:
Depending where you look, you often get a different story about the quality of care at a given institution. For example, none of the 17 hospitals listed in U.S. News and World Report’s “Best Hospitals Honor Roll” were identified by the Joint Commission as top performers in its 2010 list of institutions that received a composite score of at least 95 percent on key process measures.
As an illustration of the variability of quality, the Emily Jerry Foundation recently released its “2013 National Pharmacy Technician Regulation Scorecard”. The development of this scorecard was prompted by the heartbreaking story of what happened to two year old Emily Jerry.
Emily had waged a successful battle against cancer. Her treatment had been so successful that her last MRI clearly showed that the tumor miraculously disappeared. In fact, three radiologists had to review her MRI films due to the fact that there wasn’t even any residual scar tissue left. Emily’s doctors said it was as if she never had cancer! Regardless she was scheduled to begin her last chemotherapy session on her second birthday, February 24, 2006. This last treatment was just to be sure that there were no traces of cancer left inside of her little body. Tragically, it was not cancer or the reoccurrence of cancer that ended Emily’s life. She was killed by an overdose of sodium chloride in the last chemotherapy IV bag she received.
Shortly after Emily’s tragic death, it was determined that a pharmacy technician, who did not have the proper training or core competency to be compounding IV chemotherapy, had made the deadly compounding error. The primary reason the pharmacy technician involved in Emily’s death lacked the core competency to be compounding IV medications safely, was due to the simple fact that in 2006, in the state of Ohio, there were absolutely no requirements to become a pharmacy technician, aside from having your high school diploma. No training requirements, no continuing education requirements, no oversight by the Ohio State Pharmacy Board, no licensing or registration requirements, etc.
What is even more disturbing, is the fact that The Emily Jerry Foundation has been receiving an outpouring of concern from most people in the general public, as well as, the caregivers themselves, who were previously completely unaware that in all of our nation’s world renowned medical facilities, including the leading pediatric facility where Emily was treated, pharmacy technicians are the individuals responsible for compounding virtually all IV medications in the clinical pharmacy. It was this type of variability in quality, in terms of pharmacy technician requirements, coupled with the fact that the pharmacy technician’s overall scope of responsibilities have expanded greatly in recent decades, that led to the passage of Emily’s Law in the state of Ohio in January of 2009. Even though Emily’s Law significantly helped to reduce much of this variability in quality in the state of Ohio, this inherent problem is still very evident in many other states across the nation.
The Emily Jerry Foundation’s 2013 National Pharmacy Technician Regulation Scorecard highlights the states that are doing a great job of protecting their patients through strict controls and educational requirements for pharmacy techs, as well as encourage those that are lagging behind to make improvements in their own standards in order to improve care and potentially save lives. States like North Dakota received a perfect score based on the Foundation’s grading criteria. However, it’s now 2013 and six states still have no oversight by their respective state boards of pharmacy and, subsequently, no regulation regarding their pharmacy technicians. Numerous studies have shown that overall pharmacy error rates are volume dependent. (reference: USA Today, “Speed, high volumes can trigger mistakes”). With that fact in mind, pharmacy technician oversight and regulation issues like these, become even more of a serious matter of public safety in states like New York, which currently has the second highest prescription volume in the United States (253,796,344 Rx filled in 2012). (reference: SDI Health, L.L.C.: Special Data Request, 2012)
How should this variability in quality be fixed and subsequently managed?
Dr. Pronovost, together with his colleagues, in their paper, “Achieving the Potential of Health Care Performance Measures” propose seven recommendations:
1. Decisively move from measuring processes to outcomes;
2. Use quality measures strategically, adopting other quality improvement approaches where measures fall short;
3. Measure quality at the level of the organization, rather than the clinician;
4. Measure patient experience with care and patient-reported outcomes as ends in themselves;
5. Use measurement to promote the concept of the rapid-learning health care system;
6. Invest in the “basic science” of measurement development and applications, including an emphasis on anticipating and preventing unintended adverse consequences; and
7. Task a single entity with defining standards for measuring and reporting quality and cost data, similar to the role the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) serves for the reporting of corporate financial data, to improve the validity, comparability, and transparency of publicly-reported health care quality data. Many in the healthcare industry use this likes of this service to help them in their data management and transparency reports.
Dr. Pronovost says the last proposal would bring about the most change:
Of the proposals, perhaps the biggest game-changer would be the creation of an entity to serve as the health care equivalent of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Rather than wading through a bevy of competing and often contradictory measures, patients and others would have one source of quality data that has national consensus behind it.
While the merits and demerits of a SEC for healthcare can be debated, one thing is clear from the comments posted in reply to Dr. Pronovost’s article – experts in specific areas should build consensus and determine what the ideal system should look like.
An example of the development of consensus is in checklists. The checklist developed by the Physician-Patient Alliance for Health & Safety reminds caregivers of the essential steps needed to be taken to initiate Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) with a patient and to continue to assess that patient’s use of PCA.
Monitoring patients receiving opioids by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a critical patient safety issue. In its Sentinel Event Alert, “Safe Use of Opioids in Hospitals”, The Joint Commission recently stated:
While opioid use is generally safe for most patients, opioid analgesics may be associated with adverse effects, the most serious effect being respiratory depression, which is generally preceded by sedation.
More than 56,000 adverse events and 700 patient deaths were linked to PCA pumps in reports to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 2005 and 2009. One out of 378 post-surgical patients are harmed or die from errors related to the patient-controlled pumps that help relieve pain after surgical procedures, such as knee or abdominal surgery. This is a startling amount. People who are wrongfully treated whilst feeling they are in the hands of a person in a trustful position, can get in touch with lawyers from firms like the Atlanta Law Firm to see if they can claim for medical malpractice.
More recently, Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority released its analysis of medication errors and adverse drug reactions involving intravenous fentaNYL that were reported to them. Researchers found 2,319 events between June 2004 to March 2012 – that’s almost 25 events per month or about one every day. Although one error a day may seem high, their analysis is confined to reports made to the Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority and only include fentaNYL, a potent, synthetic narcotic analgesic with a rapid onset and short duration of action. This drug is now being used by many drug addicts as an alternative to heroin, although fentanyl can be anywhere from 25 to 50 times stronger than heroin. This is causing many heroin addicts to overdose and die due to using the same doses as they once did while injecting heroin. How can a drug that once used for its medicinal and pain-relieving properties now require a fentanyl drug test to be readily available in efforts to try and decrease opioid use?
Consequently, to provide greater patient safety, one of the recommended steps of the PCA Safety Checklist therefore provides:
Patient is electronically monitored with both:
pulse oximetry, and
capnography
The relentless push for quality and better patient safety must continue. To do otherwise will mean more Emily Jerrys and Amanda Abbiehls (who died after unmonitored use of a PCA).
For those of us who might think that death in a healthcare facility cannot happen to us or someone we know, Dr. Pronovost reminds us that preventable deaths is a leading cause of death. As he recently stated on The Katie Couric Show:
Frame the size of your problem. I suspect that all of your viewers either have been touched by or a family member has been harmed by mistakes. It is the third leading cause of death in this country. More people die from medical mistakes each year than died per year in the civil war.
So, make sure adequate training is provided for all those involved in healthcare delivery, like pharmacy technicians, and use checklists as a reminder of essential steps, such as the PCA Safety Checklist. It just may save a life.
Last Updated: July 25, 2018 by ejfadmin
Patient Safety Science & Technology Summit an Enormous Success!
Last month, I was afforded the opportunity to participate, as a speaker, on a medication safety panel discussion in Laguna Nigel, California, for the annual Patient Safety Science and Technology Summit. This very important event is organized every year by the Patient Safety Movement Foundation, with the primary goal and focus on getting to zero deaths from preventable medical errors by 2020 in our nation. Unfortunately, recent studies have shown, very conclusively, that preventable medical errors are now the third leading cause of death, aside from cancer and heart disease, claiming an astonishing 440,000 lives every year in the United States. These are tragic and senseless deaths that do not have to happen!
The following is the video of the hour-long medication safety panel discussion. This panel discussion opens with the powerful video segment we just posted at the top of The Emily Jerry Foundation’s homepage that was produced by the Patient Safety Movement Foundation for this particular event. If your able, I would really like to encourage you to watch it, in it’s entirety, it will definitely help you to gain a real perspective of what The Emily Jerry Foundation is all about!
Early last year, when I first learned about the Patient Safety Movement and their primary focus of reaching zero deaths from preventable medical errors by 2020, I must admit, I was a little skeptical as to whether this was actually realistic and achievable. Quite frankly, I thought this primary objective might be a bit audacious and unattainable. After working with Joe Kiani, their founder and Sheila Creal their President, as well as, the rest of their remarkable team, these past six to eight months during the planning phases of their second annual Summit, I have learned how mistaken I really was! All of my initial thoughts and opinions have dramatically changed. I now believe, wholeheartedly, that the Patient Safety Movement’s goal is definitely achievable and, subsequently, The Emily Jerry Foundation will continue to support their efforts to help make this vital objective happen by 2020! I am now firmly convinced that by continuing to all work together, to get everyone around the globe to rally behind our cause, we can make this goal a reality together!
At some of the other medical events focused on patient safety and quality of care, where the participants always had the best of intentions, there were times when I felt like everyone was just talking about the programs and measures they could use, to improve overall patient safety, however, they weren’t really taking action and being held accountable for their assurances to adopt and implement these vital programs and measures at their individual hospitals. With that general thought in mind, I think this is what really sets this Patient Safety Science & Technology Summit apart from many other functions I’ve attended in the past. What truly distinguishes this event apart from others, is the fact that they are requiring attendees and participants to make formidable and measurable commitments to adopt and implement the best practices and technology solutions that are proven to effectively save lives. Once a commitment is made by a medical facility, a technology manufacturer, or other entity involved with the Patient Safety Movement Foundation, that commitment is then published on their website (http://patientsafetymovement.org/), for everyone to see. Then at subsequent meetings, everyone involved holds one another accountable for the progress made on that previous commitment. The benefits of this type of program are two fold, as it provides for measurable results for the solutions developed by everyone involved, in addition to, the accountability factors I just aforementioned.
In all my years of working in patient safety and quality of care, I have never had the opportunity to spend so much time, at an important event like this, with so many influential leaders from industry, the government, the medical community, etc., all assembled and working together to not only come up with “solutions”, but all aligned and making actual commitments within their organizations to take the subsequent actions that make these particular “solutions” effective. In addition to all of the amazing people I had the honor of meeting at the Summit, I also had the distinct privilege of meeting former President, Bill Clinton at a small reception prior to his keynote speech. Click here to view local coverage from CBS – LA of President Clinton’s speech. President Clinton is someone I admire and one who has been an inspiration to me, with respect to all of his ongoing humanitarian efforts with The Clinton Global Initiative. Everyone seemed to share my same deep-seated passion about addressing these core issues that are tragically claiming an astounding number of lives every year. Most importantly, all of these esteemed leaders I met and had the opportunity to spend time with, appeared to have the genuine mindset of “doing whatever it takes” to join together, in a focused and concerted effort to save countless lives and ultimately get to zero deaths from preventable medical error by 2020!